Why Representing Change in
Time is Difficult
• situation calculus - situations, actions, result
function
• frame problem - how to say when things don’t
change (e.g. cartoon frames)
• qualification problem - how to define
circumstances under which an action will work
(e.g. banana in tailpipe)
• ramification problem - how to infer all of the
implicit consequences of actions (e.g. moving
luggage)